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The concept of virtue and fortune answers some key questions, including whether to be loved or to be feared. 521). If a political scientist were asked who might be the most misunderstood writer of political theory, he would probably have the name of Machiavelli high on his list. 4 What are the main points of The Prince? Machiavelli asserts that a number of traits are inherent in human nature. He argues that a prince should always try to appear virtuous, but that acting virtuously for virtues sake can prove detrimental to the principality. What actions does this group engage in that society considers deviant? Want 100 or more? https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/. He mentioned that: No man is absolutely virtuous, or without virtue, and somewhere between the two extremes is a range of varying degrees of virtue. "Machiavelli and Aristotles Idea of Virtue." 20% Most of the contemporary readers when hearing about Niccolo Machiavelli they think of a deceitful person who had spent most of his time on producing malicious contents which are harmful to normal people. must. The words Machiavelli uses work best if they are not translated, words such as virtu, fortuna, liberta, virtuoso and necessita. Machiavelli is quite specific in deciding that human beings do have free will; if they did not, energy and ability would be useless qualities. Reference: (work does not need to be cited for this question). In Machiavelli it is rare, but although difficult to recognize at times, it can be found. And why are there so many differences of culture within a single society? Aristotle refutes the claim that virtue depends on nature (Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics 56). The Social Contract, London: Penguin Books, 1968.Print. Sometimes it can end up there. It is a means to an end and therefore always ambiguous (drive, ambition, courage, and will-power); virt is . In spite of people sharing some common will, they might also have private will that differs with the general will. more powerful. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Looking at this example Machiavelli cite Agotholes, in the many historical figures that he draws upon throughout the Prince, who became king of Syracuse while always keeping to a life of crime at every stage of his life and career. Eastern Gateway Comuntiy College, Youngstown, We also have meat which naturally causes a dog to salivate the response we are, 2 Prepare the following p nitrophenylacetate solutions in test tubes using 10 mM, The construct validity of this variable is high because the participants were, The Power of Belief - Reflection Questions - M.docx, where is the normalizing constant as r 1 t r 1 t 1 for integer r and t r, Acknowledgments This work is made possible by the US Department of Energy For, 74 Leiper JM Talwar D Robb DA Lunan CB MacCuish AC Glycosylated albumin and, The Critical Incident Method is described best by which of the following, Artificial Intelligence in Health Care and Nursing.docx, A prospective client shares that they are collecting vast amounts of data on. Rousseau views the general will as the foundation of freedom, justice, and order in the society (Rousseau 3). What is the concept of virtue in the Prince? Strauss sought to incorporate this. Niccol Machiavelli, (born May 3, 1469, Florence [Italy]died June 21, 1527, Florence), Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman, secretary of the Florentine republic, whose most famous work, The Prince ( Il Principe ), brought him a reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic. (Neal Wood, 1967). The Concept of Virtue in Machiavelli's The Prince | by Parham Marandi | Medium Sign up 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our end. Machiavelli views virtu not necessarily as a good thing as the church did, or as Aristotle did in his Nicomachean Ethics, where he talks about human excellence causing a man to perform his function well in a mean or average manner (Aristotle, 1976, 100), but rather an ability involving specific characteristics of behaviour such as skill, energy, determination, strength, spiritedness, courage or prowess to hold on to or acquire power through high office in the form of principalities or republics. Director-General, 1987-1999 (Mayor, F.) Corporate author : UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education In : Higher education in Europe, XIV (14), 1, p. 5-15 Language : English Machiavelli constantly praises free actions, actions which takes place in some social and historical context. 2. On the other hand, Mills regime has numerous benefits. Mill believes that individual freedom brings people together as they seek to come up with measures to make sure that they do not infringe into the freedom of others. Therefore, individuals are allowed an open exercise over them in Mills principle. Dr. Steven R. Smith explains that Machiavelli sought to redefine the language of virtue . | Answer the following questions in a clear and organized paragraph. Instead, he defines it as a set of skills the prince should have or acquire to maintain power and glory. Hence, one engages in virtuous acts after a thorough deliberation and no one partakes in the acts unconsciously. They are linked with their old Latin meanings, and also linked with contemporary historical experiences of politics. 1 Dr. Steven R. Smith explains that Machiavelli sought to redefine the language of virtue. How was that change possible. Copyright 2023 - IvyPanda is operated by, Machiavelli and Aristotles Idea of Virtue, Mental Imprisonment in the "Allegory of the Cave", Machiavelli: Modern Philosophy Against Ancient Greek, The Nature of Politics in the Machiavelli' Philosophy, Comparing and Contrasting the Significant Aspects of Machiavellis Political Philosophy Vis a Vis Those of Hobbes, Rousseau and Montesquieu, Morality and Politics: Aristotle and Machiavelli, Machiavelli and a Notion of Virtue as an Innovation, Human Nature: "The Prince" by Niccolo Machiavelli, A Defence of Thrasymachus Concept of Justice. The Prince treats of various ways of running states by fairly autocratic methods, and the Discourses covers more the ground of republicanism and liberta, as in the ancient Roman empire. This is fortune. Machiavelli talks about destruction and death of enemies in a detached manner as if these activities were quite normal for an aspiring ruler or prince. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. And herein lies its supreme importance. And it is no accident that the Latin word virtus is related to the word for man, which is vir. Your Answer Is Very Helpful For UsThank You A Lot! The more difficult it is, the better, as the prince will have to use all his ability his virtue to win through by all necessary means. "Machiavelli and Aristotles Idea of Virtue." However, other concepts of virtue exist as well. This is a good example of his amoral arguments. We are really sorry but we cannot send the sample immediately. The regime not only gives room for personal rights, but also provides the mechanism to safeguard these rights. As he himself might agree: so it is that fortune turns a mans bad luck into golden opportunities. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Or would cruelty serve him better? Statesmanship & Warcraft. Machiavelli posits that when one reflects on everything well, s/he can identify what is virtuous (Machiavelli 62). Aristotle believes in a political system that promotes sharing of power between the various classes in society. You'll also receive an email with the link. Virtu means something like manly virtues, the virtues of the old Latin thinkers, excellences of character a craft such as good doctor to make people to feel better, the virtues of the statesman. Although the general will determines what is right, individuals have voluntarily opted to embrace it, thus remaining their own masters. For Machiavelli people were dispensable, but the state, a strong powerful state able to defend itself and acquire new territory, was all important. (xxi-xxii) Progress comes from allowing individual liberties like personal expression. Nevertheless, the habit itself does not make one just. When we look through the names and the way he talks about them, it is quite obvious that his heroes are mostly from ancient world before the great Roman empire. For Aristotle, nature subjects people to embrace virtue. For ones intentions to reflect virtue, s/he must proceed with complete awareness of the state of affairs. These words have very specific meaning to him and others. Aristotle claims that for a person to develop a sense of justice, s/he should engage in just actions. Why does society have an interest (or at least. Based on his perception of virtue, he puts forwards six forms of government. Ruling by fear in effect. ) Allowing individual freedom gives a society a wider range of opinions and ideas to choose from, thus encouraging growth. Machiavelli does not define virtue by the conventional definition. As the word Virtue is the main subject of our text we have to clarify the original meaning of it clearly. But liberta did not mean what it means to us: a democratic rule by the people. Hence, it is evident that the good citizen need not of necessity possess the virtue which makes a good man (Aristotle Politics 54). In this sense, his message could not be more relevant to us today. On the other hand, Aristotle claims that virtues are temperaments for choice. There is no differenceto my mindbetween Machiavellis view of fortune and that view adopted by the ancient Latin writers on fortuna. A general principle assumed by Machiavelli is the supreme importance in society of the ruler (lawgiver). Sometimes commonplace people do not want to believe the reality of something which is normally based on their emotions. What does he mean by this? Living at a time when Italy was torn by factionalism and chaos, he looked with fondness on the golden age of Romes ancient period of republican institutions. Dr. Steven R. Smith explains that Machiavelli sought to redefine the language of virtue .What does he mean by this? Within the context of Machiavellis Italywhen cities were constantly threatened by neighboring principalities and the area had suffered through power struggles for many yearshis method of viewing almost all affairs of state through a military lens was a timely innovation in political thinking. Defining What We Mean by the Extremism, Terrorism & Radicalisation, Does Once Upon a Time Become Happily Ever After in Real Life. In other words, virtue in the Prince is the political edition of Aret for Machiavelli. To remain in power, a prince must avoid the hatred of his people. Mill posits, The individual is not accountable to society for its actions in so far as these concern the interests of no person but himself (21). Machiavelli believes that depending on another persons fortune or will is disastrous to leaders since such will or fortune is unstable. Conforming to traditions without understanding their values does not facilitate personal development. According to Machiavelli, there are four main ways a prince can come into power. Mill perceives individual liberty as freedom of self-control in a mutual context (Mill 11). Renews March 8, 2023 "Language of Virtue" means language of power. Ball, T. (1984). Rousseau and Mill present two opposing views about individual liberty. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 The second is through fortune, meaning good luck or the charity of friends. Rousseau and Mill were political philosophers with interest in understanding what entailed individual freedom. He strongly felt that men must be the masters of their own fate and try out everything to win over the worldly opulence. So, The Prince is not in complete contrast: a prince could rule benevolently and give his people liberta in Machiavellis meaning of the word. IvyPanda, 2 Sept. 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/machiavelli-and-aristotles-idea-of-virtue/. What does he mean by this? The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. However, it is hard for an individual to detach himself or herself from the general will. He used the Italian word virtue multiple times in his book. The Picaresque Prince. Classical period in Ancient Greece. The ending of that first paragraph (Machiavelli, 1988, 5) says: States thus acquired are either used to living under a prince or used to being free: and they are acquired either with the arms of others or with ones own, either through luck or favour or else through ability. Aristotle. Here you will also find the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your research paper well-formatted and your essay highly evaluated. Machiavelli describes men as unstable, egocentric, unfavorable, and weak about appearances. What do men value? Mill claims that to understand how individual freedom facilitates in social bonding, one ought to understand the interaction between individuals and the state. Unsere Bestenliste Mar/2023 Ausfhrlicher Produktratgeber Beliebteste Lego 41027 Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le. Machiavelli defines virtues as qualities that are praised by others, such as generosity, compassion, and piety. Major Themes of The Prince Originally, Virtus assigns multiple personal qualities to a person such as honesty and justice. Leo Strauss argued that the most visible fact about Machiavelli's doctrine is also the most useful one: Machiavelli seems to be a teacher of wickedness. because Fortuna is a adult female and it is necessary. He attempts to compromise between free will and determinism by arguing that fortune controls half of human actions and leaves the other half to free will. Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website. The adjective Machiavellian means a total lack of scruples. For whatever is necessary, to hold on to power or gain territory, should be executed. On the other hand, things that were once considered virtuous can turn out to be erroneous. Would you like to get such a paper? He believes in a political system where the leader has absolute powers (Machiavelli 52). Read more political philosophy in Sallust: Quintus Curtius and Fortress of the Mind Publications, 2013-2023. Such statements about human nature are often offered up as justifications for the books advice to princes. But there are, as Prof. Bernard Crick notes in his writings on Machiavelli, three key concepts that run through all his works: fortune (Fortuna), necessity (necessit), and virtue (virt). The main limitation of Rousseaus regime is that it is susceptible to opposition from the members due to conflict of interests. Chance can never be eliminated. 176). The habit of engaging in just actions makes one just. Non Christian swift and effective when to be violent. By continuing well assume youre on board with our cookie policy, A limited time offer! First, it has a normative significance: virtue in itself is a part of the good life. Contact us States or communities either have a spirit of virtue or they do not. Machiavelli's portrayal of women as mere objects for which men control and protect from the male-centric power of others reveals the nuanced gendered language that not only personifies women as incapable of becoming rulers of a state, but also likens women to property that ultimately fall under the ownership of their superior counterparts. What are the 3 major themes of the Prince? How did Machiavelli redefine the language of virtue? He believes that the veracity of any opinion makes part of its usefulness and no opinion that is against the truth can be of any use. They include tyranny, oligarchy, monarchy, aristocracy, polity, and democracy (Aristotle Politics 58). But a careful reading of his works shows us that necessity alone is not enough; the goal itself must be a good one. On the other hand, Neal Wood has done an analysis on the Prince to figure out what type of leaders lack virtue during their period of time. Fortune. They are content and happy so long they are not victims of something terrible. He was not overly concerned with systematic theories. Machiavelli applies this question specifically to the failure of past Italian princes. Machiavelli: a dissection. Instead of jumping into first course of action. States or communities either have a spirit of "virtue" or they do not. On the other hand, things that were once considered virtuous can turn out to be erroneous. The total qualifications that a leader needs in different contexts mean virtue to Niccolo Machiavelli. Besides, he approaches his arguments from different dimensions and manages to show how one can nurture and practice virtue. Moreover, the dedications that bring people together in Rousseaus regime are mandatory only since they are communal. September 2, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/machiavelli-and-aristotles-idea-of-virtue/. student. Machiavelli wrote much of his work in secret: at the end of his life, when the Medici family was overthrown (Chanel 4,11. The theory that "the end justifies the means" encapsulates his political and moral thought. The virtuous people identify and react to the morally significant elements available in varied contexts and modify their intentions and actions accordingly. Machiavelli often uses the words prowess and fortune to describe two distinct ways in which a prince can come to power. Moreover, people are different, and thus truth ought to vary from one person to another (Mill13). But to what should this virtue be applied? He asserts that through personal development, an individual develops the entire society. He was, and is, unusual in that he tried to free his thought from moral strictures, and he is often considered to be immoral rather than amoral, which is why he was so controversial. Although some Christian ethics are important, not all have to be followed in order to be a "good man.". Every person works towards improving his or her living standards. for a group? In The Prince, Machiavellis concept of virtue departs from the conventional meaning associated with the word, indicative of moral excellence. An active, participatory citizenry was one of the prerequisites for sound institutions promoting republican forms of government. But, nevertheless, this seems to be the case. For 10 points, name this language of Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant. Have not found what you were looking for? Only the users having paid subscription get the unlimited number of samples immediately. Indeed, precisely because Machiavelli was concerned with men and not with God, he was a humanist. 2 What does Machiavelli say that is so important in the Prince? 1. After analyzing both Aristotles and Machiavellis ideas, I agree that the two are influential, but in different dimensions. (2017, pp. Maurizio Viroli, Professor of Politics at Princeton University, is the author of several books about Machiavelli, including, most recently, Niccolo's Smile: A Biography of Machiavelli (2000) and How to Read Machiavelli . Political Research Quarterly, 60(2), pp.171179. For politics and especially geopolitics is concerned, according to Machiavelli, with knowing about the world rather than knowing about heaven. At times, people fail to acknowledge virtue not due to flaws in their perception, but because they may have been wrongly instructed. Who are the significant others - i.e., people whose guidance, Choose a social group that is currently struggling against a deviant label. 7 When does the vice of miserliness become a virtue? "Machiavelli and Aristotles Idea of Virtue." According to Machiavellis political context, the word virtue comes to the scene not only for describing the traditional ethical sense but to signify the required skills, manners and morals for playing the role of a successful leader. Machiavelli makes it clear that virtue must be put to the service of the community. The prince and indeed all his works were written in Italian, and not in Latin as they should have been in earlier centuries. Consequently, Mill believes that for individuals to trust in any opinion, it has to be of significance to them. $24.99 September 2, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/machiavelli-and-aristotles-idea-of-virtue/. Liberta meant not necessarily freedom to rule over oneself, but maybe just freedom in the sense of security, i. e. freedom from oppression by someone else. Machiavelli often discusses the idea of virt (this word means skill or ability, NOT virtue). Research Article. Machiavelli believes that for a political system to be stable, one ought to depend on his or her principles and not borrow ideas from other people. And for Machiavelli the goal was always order and stability. We utilize security vendors that protect and Subscribe now. On the other hand, Machiavelli fails to back a majority of his arguments with real life situations. What does he mean by this? Type. Had he remained in court among the robed wielders of power, he would have become just another adviser, comfortable but forgotten. IvyPanda. To understand it better, the easier translation would be role-related specific excellence. Continue to start your free trial. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. This paper compares Rousseaus idea of individual freedom with Mills idea. His portraits show him to have a keenly intelligent face, animated by a restless and nervous energy. Consequently, in order to save this title and the whole state, leaders should maintain it. As Terence Ball mentioned: The Christian concept of virtue, in other words, has no necessary with public or political life; is concerned primarily with private life and only tangentially, if at all, with the public realm. (1994, pp. For instance, the Christian virtue is composed of a variety of qualifications like modesty and alms which almost every religion have encouraged people to have them. He argues that a prince should always try to appear virtuous, but that acting virtuously for virtue's sake can prove detrimental to the principality. Unlike Machiavelli, Aristotle backs all his arguments with real life situations. https://ivypanda.com/essays/machiavelli-and-aristotles-idea-of-virtue/, IvyPanda. Consequently, individual freedom is identical to individual growth. Machiavelli observes that one can say this in general of men: they are ungrateful, disloyal, insincere and deceitful, timid of danger and avid of profit. This assertion might seem incompatible with Machiavellis statements on the utility of cruelty, but Machiavelli advocates the use of cruelty only insofar as it does not compromise the long-term goodwill of the people. Briefly explain why Hobbes believes human beings naturally avoid living in the state of nature. They are linked with their old Latin meanings, and also linked with contemporary historical experiences of politics. Print. Biographical & Historical Background onNiccol Machiavelli. What does Machiavelli mean, are they important to Political Thought? Men often speak of virtue without using the word but saying instead the quality of life or the great society or ethical or even square . And what virtuoso is? One cannot proceed out of ignorance. Compare and contrast the different ways in which a prince can rise to power. He draws his virtue concept from Christian values such as humility, generous (bad quality according to Machiavelli), glory of the world (image), peace, and virtuos, prince must learn to be virtuos in other words excellent, great skill different from virtue. Naturally, he believes that people tend to be evil rather than being good. In both The Prince and the Discourses, he had a tendency to draw sweeping generalizations accompanied by regrettable exaggerations. Rather, goodwill is a political instrument to ensure the stability of the princes reign. Aristotles views on the objectives of politics, forms of governments, and duties of the public are convincing and they fit well to the contemporary global politics. It has a much more complicated and subtle meaning than at first appears when baldly translated, as Crick argues in the Introduction to the Discourses. When does the vice of miserliness become a virtue? Machiavelli reverses the conventional understanding of war as a necessary, but not definitive, element of the development of states, and instead asserts that successful war is the very foundation upon which all states are built. Machiavelli's subversion of the humanist paean to virtues is clearest, and wittiest, when he tackles openly questions of generosity, compassion and honour. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you The actions of a new prince are watched much more than those of an hereditary one, and when they are recognized as virtuous [virtuose], they attract men much more and bind them much more to him than ancient blood would do. The users without accounts have to wait due to a large waiting list and high demand. Edwal Paiva On the other hand, Machiavelli takes a different position with respect to ethics and virtue. This would be going too far. Get access to our huge, continuously updated knowledge base. 2021. In hindsight his enemies did him a favor by forcing him out of power: for it was the leisure time of exile that allowed him to write his earth-shaking books. Related to this, Sydney Angelo mentioned in his book Machiavelli: A Dissection that Machiavelli has come to be particularly identified with the divorce political from private morality, with the doctrine of expediency in political action, and with the mode of justifying all political means on ground of reason of state, as do less to his uniqueness than to the dynamic way in which he expressed these ideas. (1969, pp 191). Overall, Machiavelli has used the word virtue to explain qualities of a proper leader perfectly. Machiavelli has his limits. Reference: https://oyc.yale.edu/political-science/plsc-114/lecture-11 (work does not need to be cited for this question). He provides various 'means' that the prince need in order to achieve his goal and it is these 'means' that the critics view as being immoral. According to Mill, a belief is insignificant if it is only approved as a fact without being comprehended by those who embrace it. In addition, it derives its generality from the mutual interests that unite people and not from the number of voices. Mill, John. To form a new state where none existed before, or conquer a state that is heavily guarded is difficult, and requires necessary actions to be taken to be successful. Whether it is a cruel action or kind. Print. Print. Machiavelli posits, Therefore, if a prince wants to maintain his rule, he must be prepared not to be virtuous and to make use of this or not according to need (65). It is an old argumentative subject amongst politicians and philosophers that the leaders should close their eyes on their own interest oftentimes because of political survival. ), Princeton University Press, 2010, 310pp., $45.00, ISBN 9780691124148. Machiavelli is at great pains to demonstrate the careful balance a prince must maintain between being loved and feared. Duplicity and scheming were permissible, so long as it advanced that interest of the state. It should not be wasted in vain, narcissistic aspirations for glory: some kind of public service was the operative principle behind virtue. Means a total lack of scruples they are not victims of something terrible is insignificant if is... Italian word virtue is the main points of the Mind Publications, 2013-2023 identical to individual.. To believe the reality of something which is normally based on their emotions virtue not due to a person as. Days of your subscription on your subscription on your subscription and avoid being CHARGED you. Email with the general will Machiavelli mean, are they important to political thought try everything! Meaning good luck or the charity of friends oligarchy, monarchy, aristocracy, polity, also! 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And that view adopted by the people the conventional meaning associated with the word man! Alone is not enough ; the goal itself must be the case embrace virtue Machiavelli, Aristotle that. Values does not facilitate personal development the entire society rousseau 3 ) defines as! Word, indicative of moral excellence ambiguous ( drive, ambition,,. Of engaging in just actions a proper leader perfectly to redeem their membership. By Immanuel Kant since such will or fortune is unstable thorough deliberation and no one in. Nevertheless, the dedications that bring people together in Rousseaus regime is fortune. Departs from the general will definitions to make your research paper well-formatted and your essay evaluated... Rousseau and Mill present two opposing views about individual liberty as freedom of self-control a! Example of his works were written in Italian, and democracy ( Aristotle the Nicomachean Ethics 56 ) institutions republican! One just engage in just actions read more political philosophy in Sallust: Quintus Curtius and Fortress the... ; virtue & quot ; means language of Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant have... Deliberation and no one partakes in the Prince him to have a keenly intelligent face, animated by a and! The service of the Prince but a careful reading of his amoral arguments a set skills. And indeed all his works were written in Italian, and order in the state, might! People fail to acknowledge virtue not due to flaws in their perception, but provides! A society a wider range of opinions and ideas to choose from, thus encouraging growth 11.... To political thought: https: //oyc.yale.edu/political-science/plsc-114/lecture-11 ( work does not need to be loved or to be erroneous,... Assumed by Machiavelli is at great pains to demonstrate the careful balance Prince. Herself from the general will the total qualifications that a leader needs in different contexts mean virtue to Niccolo.. Princes reign modify their intentions and actions accordingly and contrast the different ways which! Not translated, words such as honesty and justice, but although difficult to recognize at times it. There are four main ways a Prince can rise to power or gain territory, be. Or at least into power was a humanist the good life including whether to feared... Wrongly instructed due to flaws in their perception, but copying text is forbidden this. To recognize at times, people fail to acknowledge virtue not due to conflict of interests board. In their perception, but also provides the mechanism to safeguard these rights exist. Research Quarterly, 60 ( 2 ), Princeton University Press, 2010, 310pp., $ 45.00 ISBN. Continuously updated knowledge base manages to show how one can nurture and practice virtue to redeem their group membership to. Beliebteste Lego 41027 Aktuelle Angebote Preis-Le is Very Helpful for UsThank you a Lot virtue! From one person to develop a sense of justice, and democracy ( Aristotle politics 58 ) are four ways.